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Nancy Appleton's 124 reasons why sugar is poison has circulated the internet
a few times: This is junk science in its glory. All the cites except for a
handful are outdated (most are from the 1980's or previous - she actually
cites one from 1933 and one from 1950!) and of the few ones which are NOT
outdated, several are from pop science journals rather than peer reviewed
journals. Others are up to date but she doesn't state what specific she
obtained from the source. Like most internet forwards, it's basically
false and probably comes out of the low carb afictionados.
Details on each point and also on the mostly outdated or irrelevant cites:
1. Sugar can suppress the immune system.
**** no scientific evidence of this one but dieting or limiting one whole
food group DOES suppress the immune system - plenty of evidence of that.
2. Sugar upsets the mineral relationships in the body.
*** again no evidence of this.
3. Sugar can cause hyperactivity, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and
crankiness in children.
***** hyperactivity - well, some anecdotal data says this but I don't buy
it. What sugar does is cause a quick energy surge in anyone (athletes use
this - I've used it myself when I'm dragging like when I'm at work and I'm
feeling fatigue and it works i.e. eating something sweet). I think because
of poor diet and lack of exercise and perhaps lack of sufficient nutrition
and hydration in some cases, our children are basically energy-drained so
when they DO eat sugar and get an energy surge this is said to be
"hyperactivity" when what it REALLY is is "normal activity" which is why
parents in the 1950's and 1960's did not observe this even though kids ate
sugar all the time.
Anxiety, difficulty concentrating and crankiness - again dieting, not sugar
causes this. Interesting when I was teaching it was the occasional very
skinny kids who were the crankiest, the most anxious and had extreme
difficulty in concentrating and often the fatter kids who were the better
students in the class. I always wondered if the skinny kids had eaten better
whether these things would improve. These days with the obesity hysteria,
parents are regularly starving their children in fear of obesity.
4. Sugar can produce a significant rise in triglycerides.
***** OK this is true but likely more true in those who are insulin
resistant... people in the normal population have a tolerance to some sugar
5. Sugar contributes to the reduction in defense against bacterial infection
(infectious diseases).
**** no evidence
6. Sugar causes a loss of tissue elasticity and function, the more sugar you
eat the more elasticity and function you loose.
***** "loose" I think she means LOSE! ---totally unproven BUT LACK OF
EXERCISE does this, definitely and most people in the USA are in a condition
of not enough exercise - only 5 percent of the population exercises the
ideal amount (every day, 1 hour of cardio PLUS stretching and moving most
muscles all 664 of them several times a day).
7. Sugar reduces high density lipoproteins.
**** If she means HDLs here again she's wrong. What reduces HDLs (and what
increases HDLs) is one thing and one thing alone.... EXERCISE. Even the
statin drugs which appear to increase HDLS do not increase the "right kind"
of HDLS i.e. those which clean out the blood vessels... only exercise will
increase the right kind of HDLs.
8. Sugar leads to chromium deficiency.
**** wrong - lack of chromium leads to chromium deficiency... like duh...
LOL
9. Sugar leads to cancer of the breast, ovaries, prostate, and rectum.
**** totally unproven... TOTALLY. But there are risk factors for cancer.
Generally the proven risk factors for ALL cancers are: transfat, too much
saturated fat, too little exercise (there's that "E" word again), too few
veggies, too many radiation tests especially like body scans, smoking,
alcohol.
Specifically the risk factors for cancer of the breast are induced abortion
(31 worldwide studies show this) and estrogen in birth control and HRT
Specifically the risk factors for cancer of the ovaries is estrogen in birth
control and HRT
Specifically the risk factors for cancer of the rectum, basically co-rectal
cancer i.e. colon cancer as well are lack of bulk in the diet plus the
general risk factors.
Heredity is a small factor but the American cancer society states the cancer
is 85 percent lifestyle caused.
10. Sugar can increase fasting levels of glucose.
*** only in diabetics and if they eat a lot of it but so can fats also
11. Sugar causes copper deficiency.
**** wrong - lack of copper causes this
12. Sugar interferes with absorption of calcium and magnesium.
**** wrong, the digestion of sugar takes place IN THE MOUTH believe it or
not and the absorption of sugar is often from the stomach. While true
absorption of sugar can DELAY digestion of other foods for a short while, it
has NOTHING TO DO with the digestion and/or absorption of other foods at
all. Calcium is a complex process involving Vitamin D and something else,
hmmm whatever they fortify milk with - one of the trace elements like
potassium or maybe magnesium which is why they fortify milk with both, to
make the calcium in milk available. Digestion and absorption of calcium
takes place in the duodenum. 95 percent of women are calcium deficient, not
because they eat sugar but because they do not INTAKE enough calcium. RDA
for calcium are 1200 mg for kids and adults over 40. It's hard to get that
if one doesn't drink milk because of the need for Vitamin D to BE PRESENT in
the stomach at the same time the calcium is there.
13. Sugar can weaken eyesight.
***** I don't even know where she gets this from unless she means that
diabetics with too high a blood sugar level can get problems with their
eyes... was this list perhaps FOR diabetics?
14. Sugar raises the level of a neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, and
norepinephrine.
***** this is true but not a bad thing... these hormones are happy hormones
and often compulsive overeaters and other addictive people are challenged in
these hormones which is why things like the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
like Prozac help in many areas including appetite control
15. Sugar can cause hypoglycemia.
***** only in gastric bypass patients who can dump when they eat sugar but
most do not "dump" after the first year... otherwise... false...
16. Sugar can produce an acidic digestive tract.
*** no proof.. Soda can do this but not because of the sugar - because of
the acid in soda
17. Sugar can cause a rapid rise of adrenaline levels in children.
**** true but not necessarily a bad thing
18. Sugar malabsorption is frequent in patients with functional bowel
disease.
**** like DUH... sugar is NOT absorbed in the bowel at all. Why do they use
sugar water IV in ALL patients when they cannot absorb anything else?
19. Sugar can cause premature aging.
**** wrong but smoking CAN cause premature aging so can lack of exercise
20. Sugar can lead to alcoholism.
**** she has to be joking here right? No connection...
21. Sugar can cause tooth decay.
*** this may be true but the 'experts' are not quite as sure about this now
as they were years ago. Pop causes more decay (for example) than sugar
because of the phosphates which erode the enamel... nice huh... that's one I
wish they had known years ago because I used to be a heavy soda pop
drinker...
22. Sugar contributes to obesity.
**** Anything you eat too much of can contribute to obesity and so can
genetics... in fact, genetics contributes a lot more than diet
23. High intake of sugar increases the risk of Crohn's disease, and
ulcerative colitis.
**** TOTALLY FALSE!!! The only possible "cause" for Crohn's disease (if you
look it up) which is a type of autoimmune disorder where the body attacks
sections of small bowel is believed by some to be a repercussion of certain vaccines! Especially MMR.
Other possible factors may be vitamin deficiencies of thiamin and B12.
24. Sugar can cause changes frequently found in person with gastric or
duodenal ulcers.
**** not sure what she means here but again, no, sugar doesn't CAUSE ulcer
if that's what she's getting at - but a bacteria DOES cause ulcers...
25. Sugar can cause arthritis.
***** totally false
26. Sugar can cause asthma.
**** only if you are allergic to it and few people are
27. Sugar greatly assists the uncontrolled growth of Candida Albicans (yeast
infections).
**** too non specific... many factors can cause "yeast infections" Sugar has
never really been implicated
28. Sugar can cause gallstones.
*** false and unproven
29. Sugar can cause heart disease.
*** false and unproven
30. Sugar can cause appendicitis.
*** false and unproven
31. Sugar can cause multiple sclerosis.
*** Does she even KNOW what MS IS? This is absolutely ridiculous...
32. Sugar can cause hemorrhoids.
*** false and unproven - what often causes hemorrhoids is diarrhea and too
much pressing on the toilet and long toilet sessions and probably an
affinity to them - also sitting too much
33. Sugar can cause varicose veins.
*** false and unproven
34. Sugar can elevate glucose and insulin responses in oral contraceptive
users.
*** if they are insulin resistant... like duh
35. Sugar can lead to periodontal disease.
*** false and unproven - periodontal disease is HEREDITARY but also can be
caused by vitamin deficiency like a B12 shortage. I am the poster
child for that one
36. Sugar can contribute to osteoporosis.
*** false and unproven but calcium deficiency and lack of exercise can be a
factor in this
37. Sugar contributes to saliva acidity.
**** no proof
38. Sugar can cause a decrease in insulin sensitivity.
**** only in those with the diabetic gene
39. Sugar can lower the amount of Vitamin E in the blood.
** FALSE
40. Sugar can decrease growth hormone.
** FALSE - only AGING does this...
41. Sugar can increase cholesterol.
*** FALSE but a high intake in saturated fat can do this and so can trans
fat
42. Sugar can increase the systolic blood pressure.
**** not sure of this... the energy surge may cause a slight rise in b/p but
probably depends on whether the person is hypertensive to begin with
43. Sugar can cause drowsiness and decreased activity in children.
**** wait a minute... she contradicts herself here ... see #3
44. High sugar intake increases advanced glycation end products (AGEs)(Sugar
bound non- enzymatically to protein)
**** Everything breaks down to simple sugar.. including fatty acids.... sugar breaks down to the energy element we NEED to carry other
nutrients to the cells - I think it's called ATP or something like that. So
this is true but the natural process and why we don't digest nutrients well
on a totally carb free diet
45. Sugar can interfere with the absorption of protein.
*** false and unproven
46. Sugar causes food allergies.
**** what causes allergies are ---- allergies....
47. Sugar can contribute to diabetes.
*** depends on whether you have the gene and whether you eat too much sugar
but too much of anything isn't that good for you
48. Sugar can cause toxemia during pregnancy.
*** false and unproven - but lack of exercise can be a factor in this.
49. Sugar can contribute to eczema in children.
**** only if kids are allergic
50. Sugar can cause cardiovascular disease.
*** false and unproven but lack of exercise CAN be a factor in CVD
51. Sugar can impair the structure of DNA
*** false and unproven and like duh... I hope she doesn't REALLY THINK THIS
or she must have been sleeping in ELEMENTARY school... LOL
52. Sugar can change the structure of protein.
**** correct - sugar changes into ATP which binds to protein and carries it
to the cells... a necessary process
53. Sugar can make our skin age by changing the structure of collagen.
*** false and unproven - but smoking can do this.
54. Sugar can cause cataracts.
*** false and unproven - previous eye surgery can cause cataracts, also
diabetics seem to get them - that could be a result of too high blood sugar
levels.
55. Sugar can cause emphysema.
*** false and unproven - does she mean SMOKING? I know, "sugar" and
"smoking" both start in with "S", right?
56. Sugar can cause atherosclerosis.
*** false and unproven
57. Sugar can promote an elevation of low density lipoproteins (LDL).
*** false and unproven but saturated fats MAY do this... more likely, what
DOES do this is lack of exercise and intake of transfatty acids
58. High sugar intake can impair the physiological homeostasis of many
systems in the body.
*** false and unproven
59. Sugar lowers the enzymes ability to function.
*** like -what enzymes? this statement makes no sense
60. Sugar intake is higher in people with Parkinson's disease.
*** false and unproven - Parkinson's is caused by an imbalance of Dopamine
in the brain - stimulants have actually been implicated as a possible factor
including too much caffeine
61. Sugar can cause a permanent altering the way the proteins act in the
body.
*** 3rd time she mentioned this one and it's a natural process! see my
comments first 2 times
62. Sugar can increase the size of the liver by making the liver cells
divide.
*** is she talking about "fatty liver" here? Not sure this makes sense
either But fatty liver is more caused by high fat diet, overeating and in
some cases, too much alcohol and weight loss surgery on the long term
63. Sugar can increase the amount of liver fat.
**** fatty liver, a type of cirrhosis is seen in extremely obese people but
also in alcoholics and gastric bypass patients. We don't hear much about the
second two groups...and this is NOT caused by sugar
64. Sugar can increase kidney size and produce pathological changes in the
kidney.
**** only in diabetics with uncontrolled blood sugar levels... never gets to the kidneys in non insulin resistant
people
65. Sugar can damage the pancreas.
**** only in diabetics from over producing insulin because muscles are
insulin resistant but artificial sweeteners can damage the pancreas more...
66. Sugar can increase the body's fluid retention.
*** maybe in large quantities but I'm not convinced
67. Sugar is enemy #1 of the bowel movement.
*** false and unproven
68. Sugar can cause myopia (nearsightedness).
*** this is baloney... they don't know what causes myopia - I have my
suspicions that reading can cause it because have you ever noticed that
folks who don't read much often don't need glasses? One study observed that
a large percentage of people with myopia are highly intelligent... this
again could be because they read more.
69. Sugar can compromise the lining of the capillaries.
*** false and unproven
70. Sugar can make the tendons more brittle.
*** false and unproven - what makes tendons more brittle is age and lack of
exercise
71. Sugar can cause headaches, including migraine.
**** anything can cause headaches but again sugar is not really implicated
in this process
72. Sugar plays a role in pancreatic cancer in women.
**** absolutely no proof
73. Sugar can adversely affect school children's grades and cause learning
disorders..
*** false and unproven - boy is she ignorant about this one. BRAIN DAMAGE
causes LD, not sugar. And it's the skinny kids who probably DON'T EAT ENOUGH
who have the low grades. Sugar DOES NOT CAUSE ADHD at all - this is a myth!
74. Sugar can cause an increase in delta, alpha, and theta brain waves.
*** false and unproven
75. Sugar can cause depression.
*** false and unproven but starvation can cause depression
76. Sugar increases the risk of gastric cancer.
*** false and unproven
77. Sugar and cause dyspepsia (indigestion).
**** not likely... it's easily digested, mostly in the mouth.... again why
do they give glucose as an ALL DIGESTIBLE food???
78. Sugar can increase your risk of getting gout.
*** false and unproven - high consumption of saturated fat (and probably
transfat) plus a genetic affinity are considered risk factors for this. NOT
SUGAR.
79. Sugar can increase the levels of glucose in an oral glucose tolerance
test over the ingestion of complex carbohydrates.
*** only in diabetics and in large amounts... causes a sugar spike in
diabetics
80. Sugar can increase the insulin responses in humans consuming high-sugar
diets compared to low sugar diets.
*** false - actually what increases the insulin response are artificial
sweeteners
81 High refined sugar diet reduces learning capacity.
*** false and unproven - I'm a high sugar eater and I have a high learning
capacity... maybe she would too if she ate more sugar...LOLOLOLOLOL
82. Sugar can cause less effective functioning of two blood proteins,
albumin, and lipoproteins, which may reduce the body's ability to handle fat
and cholesterol.
*** false and unproven - unconnected
83. Sugar can contribute to Alzheimer's disease.
*** NO but starvation seems to be a factor or chronic dieting along with
chemicals ingested and lack of mental stimulation
84. Sugar can cause platelet adhesiveness.
**** unconnected and clotting is not necessarily a bad thing
85. Sugar can cause hormonal imbalance; some hormones become underactive and
others become overactive.
*** false and unproven
86. Sugar can lead to the formation of kidney stones.
*** another repeat of an earlier point... I bet she figured folks wouldn't
read this far down and she's right... this is false!
87. Sugar can lead to the hypothalamus to become highly sensitive to a large
variety of stimuli.
*** false and unproven
88. Sugar can lead to dizziness.
*** maybe in allergic people -
89. Diets high in sugar can cause free radicals and oxidative stress.
*** false and unproven
90. High sucrose diets of subjects with peripheral vascular disease
significantly increases platelet adhesion.
*** false and unproven
91. High sugar diet can lead to biliary tract cancer.
*** false and unproven
92. Sugar feeds cancer.
*** false and unproven
93. High sugar consumption of pregnant adolescents is associated with a
twofold increased risk for delivering a small-for-gestational-age (SGA)
infant.
*** false and unproven - I ate a lot of Dairy Queen ( A LOT OF IT!!) every
day when I was pregnant.. I gained a bunch of weight true but also delivered
a full term APGAR 10 baby! :)
94. High sugar consumption can lead to substantial decrease in gestation
duration among adolescents.
**** yes if it replaces good food
95. Sugar slows food's travel time through the gastrointestinal tract.
**** unrelated to peristalsis (which causes travel through gut)
96. Sugar increases the concentration of bile acids in stools and bacterial
enzymes in the colon. This can modify bile to produce cancer-causing
compounds and colon cancer.
**** can feed bacteria in the gut. Not stated as a cause of co-rectal cancer
but lack of bulk is a factor
97. Sugar increases estradiol (the most potent form of naturally occurring
estrogen) in men.
*** false and unproven
98. Sugar combines and destroys phosphatase, an enzyme, which makes the
process of digestion more difficult.
*** false and unproven - it's gone before the stomach starts doing its thing
to the harder to digest food. Sugar is digested by salivary enzymes...
99. Sugar can be a risk factor of gallbladder cancer.
*** false but dieting is definitely a risk
100. Sugar is an addictive substance.
101. Sugar can be intoxicating, similar to alcohol.
*** Note: ANYTHING can be addicting... addiction has more to do with the
chemical arrangement in the brain and genetics.
102. Sugar can exacerbate PMS.
*** false and unproven - actually since it causes release of serotonin it
might HELP PMS
103. Sugar given to premature babies can affect the amount of carbon dioxide
they produce.
*** false and unproven
104. Decrease in sugar intake can increase emotional stability.
*** this is ridiculous... it's one of those like WHERE DID SHE GET THAT
ONE???
105. The body changes sugar into 2 to 5 times more fat in the bloodstream
than it does starch.
**** about 10 years ago, this was thought to be true but has been proven
false. Saturated fat increases the fat levels in blood (can be seen about a
half hour after a fatty meal is consumed)
106. The rapid absorption of sugar promotes excessive food intake in obese
subjects.
*** false...
107. Sugar can worsen the symptoms of children with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
*** sugar can make a kid with ADHD become hyper, true... more so than none
ADHD kids...
108. Sugar adversely affects urinary electrolyte composition.
**** only in diabetics
109. Sugar can slow down the ability of the adrenal glands to function.
*** false and unproven
110. Sugar has the potential of inducing abnormal metabolic processes in a
normal healthy individual and to promote chronic degenerative diseases.
*** false and unproven
111.. I.Vs (intravenous feedings) of sugar water can cut off oxygen to the
brain.
This is ridiculous... they give glucose in IV as a food everyone can
digest... also too low carb intake CAN damage the brain...
112. High sucrose intake could be an important risk factor in lung cancer.
*** false and unproven - smoking is the major risk factor here....there is
some evidence that the birth control pill increases the risk also
113. Sugar increases the risk of polio.
*** false and unproven - polio risk is thought to have been due to poor
sanitation
114. High sugar intake can cause epileptic seizures.
*** false and unproven
115. Sugar causes high blood pressure in obese people.
**** another repeat and unproven
116. In Intensive Care Units: Limiting sugar saves lives.
*** she has this backwards - sometimes do not give IV for one reason or
another. These days with people with low body fat levels, this has been a
nursing problem as people get in distress where years ago, it was NOT a
problem! (son told me this when he worked in ICU)
117. Sugar may induce cell death.
118. Sugar may impair the physiological homeostasis of many systems in
living organisms.
*** false and unproven (both of these)
119. In juvenile rehabilitation camps, when children were put on a low sugar
diet, there was a 44% drop in antisocial behavior.
*** possibly true because they were fatigued. Not a good way to control kids
behavior
120. Sugar can cause gastric cancer.
121. Sugar dehydrates newborns.
*** false and unproven
122. Sugar can cause gum disease.
123. Sugar increases the estradiol in young men.
124. Sugar can cause low birth-weight babies.
*** these three are repeats of points she's already mentioned and are false
and unproven
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SOURCES
1. Sanchez, A., et al. "Role of Sugars in Human Neutrophilic Phagocytosis,"
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Nov 1973;261:1180_1184. Bernstein,
J., et al. "Depression of Lymphocyte Transformation Following Oral Glucose
Ingestion." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.1997;30:613.
**** subjects were likely given huge quantities here
2. Couzy, F., et al."Nutritional Implications of the Interaction Minerals,"
Progressive Food and Nutrition Science 17;1933:65-87.
**** 1933???? hello is this slightly outdated????
3. Goldman, J., et al. "Behavioral Effects of Sucrose on Preschool
Children." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.1986;14(4):565_577.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
4. Scanto, S. and Yudkin, J. "The Effect of Dietary Sucrose on Blood Lipids,
Serum Insulin, Platelet Adhesiveness and Body Weight in Human Volunteers,"
Postgraduate Medicine Journal. 1969;45:602_607.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
5. Ringsdorf, W., Cheraskin, E. and Ramsay R. "Sucrose, Neutrophilic
Phagocytosis and Resistance to Disease," Dental Survey. 1976;52(12):46_48.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
6. Cerami, A., Vlassara, H., and Brownlee, M."Glucose and Aging." Scientific
American. May 1987:90.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
Lee, A. T. and Cerami, A. "The Role of Glycation in Aging." Annals of the
New York Academy of Science; 663:63-67.
*** date???
7. Albrink, M. and Ullrich I. H. "Interaction of Dietary Sucrose and Fiber
on Serum Lipids in Healthy Young Men Fed High Carbohydrate Diets." American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986;43:419-428.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
Pamplona, R., et al. "Mechanisms of Glycation in Atherogenesis." Med
Hypotheses. Mar 1993;40(3):174-81.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
8. Kozlovsky, A., et al. "Effects of Diets High in Simple Sugars on Urinary
Chromium Losses." Metabolism. June 1986;35:515_518.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
9. Takahashi, E., Tohoku University School of Medicine, Wholistic Health
Digest. October 1982:41.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
10. Kelsay, J., et al. "Diets High in Glucose or Sucrose and Young Women."
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1974;27:926_936.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
Thomas, B. J., et al. "Relation of Habitual Diet to Fasting Plasma Insulin
Concentration and the Insulin Response to Oral Glucose," Human Nutrition
Clinical Nutrition. 1983; 36C(1):49_51.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
11. Fields, M.., et al. "Effect of Copper Deficiency on Metabolism and
Mortality in Rats Fed Sucrose or Starch Diets," Journal of Clinical
Nutrition. 1983;113:1335_1345.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
12. Lemann, J. "Evidence that Glucose Ingestion Inhibits Net Renal Tubular
Reabsorption of Calcium and Magnesium." Journal Of Clinical Nutrition. 1976
;70:236_245.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
13. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Mar 2002;48;25.
*** what is proven with this study? She doesn't state probably because it
proves NOTHING she says
Taub, H. Ed. "Sugar Weakens Eyesight," VM NEWSLETTER;May 1986:6
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
14. "Sugar, White Flour Withdrawal Produces Chemical Response." The
Addiction Letter .Jul 1992:4.
*** OK.. valid
15. Dufty, William. Sugar Blues. (New York:Warner Books, 1975).
16. Ibid.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
17. Jones, T. W., et al. "Enhanced Adrenomedullary Response and Increased
Susceptibility to Neuroglygopenia: Mechanisms Underlying the Adverse Effect
of Sugar Ingestion in Children." Journal of Pediatrics. Feb 1995;126:171-7.
18. Ibid.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
19. Lee, A. T.and Cerami A. "The Role of Glycation in Aging." Annals of the
New York Academy of Science.1992;663:63-70.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
20. Abrahamson, E. and Peget, A.. Body, Mind and Sugar. (New
York:Avon,1977.}
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
21. Glinsmann, W., Irausquin, H., and Youngmee, K. "Evaluation of Health
Aspects of Sugar Contained in Carbohydrate Sweeteners. F. D. A. Report of
Sugars Task Force." 1986:39.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
Makinen K.K.,et al. "A Descriptive Report of the Effects of a 16_month
Xylitol Chewing_gum Programme Subsequent to a 40_month Sucrose Gum Programme."
Caries Research. 1998; 32(2)107_12.
*** iffy... but ok
22. Keen, H., et al. "Nutrient Intake, Adiposity, and Diabetes." British
Medical Journal. 1989; 1: 655_658
*** specific to diabetes not to the general population
23. Persson P. G., Ahlbom, A., and Hellers, G. Epidemiology. 1992;3:47-52.
*** outdated
24. Yudkin, J. New York: Sweet and Dangerous.:Bantam Books:1974: 129.
*** out dated
25. Darlington, L., Ramsey, N. W. and Mansfield, J. R. "Placebo_Controlled,
Blind Study of Dietary Manipulation Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis,"
Lancet. Feb 1986;8475(1):236_238.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
26. Powers, L. "Sensitivity: You React to What You Eat." Los Angeles Times.
(Feb. 12, 1985).
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
Cheng, J., et al. "Preliminary Clinical Study on the Correlation Between
Allergic Rhinitis and Food Factors." Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi Aug
2002;16(8):393-396.
**** ok but would have to see the study - may prove nothing more than food
allergy in some
27. Crook, W. J. The Yeast Connection. (TN:Professional Books, 1984)..
*** outdated but may be a connection between sugar intake and yeast
28. Heaton, K. "The Sweet Road to Gallstones." British Medical Journal. Apr
14, 1984; 288: 1103_1104.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
Misciagna, G., et al. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
1999;69:120-126.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
29. Yudkin, J. "Sugar Consumption and Myocardial Infarction." Lancet..Feb 6,
1971:1(7693):296-297.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
Suadicani, P., et al. "Adverse Effects of Risk of Ishaemic Heart Disease of
Adding Sugar to Hot Beverages in Hypertensives Using Diuretics." Blood
Pressure. Mar 1996;5(2):91-71.
*** specific to population in study (hypertensives on diuretics) and NOT
general population
30. Cleave, T. The Saccharine Disease. (New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing,
1974).
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
31. Erlander, S. "The Cause and Cure of Multiple Sclerosis, "The Disease to
End Disease." Mar 3, 1979;1(3):59_63.
*** journal not listed here - outdated also - this is probably some
homeopathic journal because no connection between sugar intake and MS was
EVER theorized even years ago
32. Cleave, T. The Saccharine Disease. (New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing,
1974.)
**** outdated and repeat of this source
33. Cleave, T. and Campbell, G. (Bristol, England:Diabetes, Coronary
Thrombosis and the Saccharine Disease: John Wrightand Sons, 1960).
*** outdated
34. Behall, K. "Influ ence of Estrogen Content of Oral Contraceptives and
Consumption of Sucrose on Blood Parameters." Disease Abstracts
International. 1982;431437.
*** outdated but specific to women on O.C.'s - they have really in the last
ten years realized how risky OCs are so when this study happened they knew a
lot less.
35. Glinsmann, W., Irausquin, H., and K. Youngmee. Evaluation of Health
Aspects of Sugar Contained in Carbohydrate Sweeteners. F. D. A. Report of
Sugars Task Force.1986;39:36_38.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
36. Tjäderhane, L. and Larmas, M. "A High Sucrose Diet Decreases the
Mechanical Strength of Bones in Growing Rats." Journal of Nutrition.
1998:128:1807_1810.
**** we are NOT rats. Rats are carnivores and we are omnivores so natch non
meat things would bother rats. Also, how much exercise did these lab rats
get?
37. Appleton, N. New York: Healthy Bones. Avery Penguin Putnam:1989.
*** outdated
38. Beck_Nielsen H., Pedersen O., and Schwartz S. "Effects of Diet on the
Cellular Insulin Binding and the Insulin Sensitivity in Young Healthy
Subjects." Diabetes. 1978;15:289_296 .
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
39. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Aug 2000.
*** she does not mention the article here
40. Gardner, L. and Reiser, S. "Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate on Fasting
Levels of Human Growth Hormone and Cortisol." Proceedings of the Society for
Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1982;169:36_40.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
41. Reiser, S. "Effects of Dietary Sugars on Metabolic Risk Factors
Associated with Heart Disease." Nutritional Health. 1985;203_216.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
42. Hodges, R., and Rebello, T. "Carbohydrates and Blood Pressure." Annals
of Internal Medicine. 1983:98:838_841.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
43. Behar, D., et al. "Sugar Challenge Testing with Children Considered
Behaviorally Sugar Reactive." Nutritional Behavior. 1984;1:277_288.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
44. Furth, A. and Harding, J. "Why Sugar Is Bad For You." "New Scientist."
Sep 23, 1989;44.
*** outdated and "NEW SCIENTIST" is not a peer reviewed journal
45. Simmons, J. "Is The Sand of Time Sugar?" LONGEVITY. June 1990: 49_53.
**** outdated and same as #44
46. Randolph, T. G. et al. "Allergic Reactions Following Intravenous
Injection of Corn Sugar (Dextrose)". Archives of Surgery. 1950;64:554-564.
47. "Sucrose Induces Diabetes in Cat." Federal Protocol. 1974;6(97).
**** 1950????? give me a break!
48. Cleave, T.:The Saccharine Disease: (New Canaan Ct: Keats Publishing,
Inc., 1974).131.
49. Ibid. 132.
**** outdated
50. Vaccaro O., Ruth, K. J. and Stamler J. "Relationship of Postload Plasma
Glucose to Mortality with 19_yr Follow_up." Diabetes Care. Oct
15,1992;10:328_334.
*** outdated and specific to diabetes
Tominaga, M., et al, "Impaired Glucose Tolerance Is a Risk Factor for
Cardiovascular Disease, but Not Fasting Glucose." Diabetes Care.
1999:2(6):920-924.
**** specific to diabetes
51. Lee, A. T. and Cerami, A. "Modifications of Proteins and Nucleic Acids
by Reducing Sugars: Possible Role in Aging." Handbook of the Biology of
Aging. ( New York: Academic Press, 1990.).
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition! Also not proven - just a theory
52. Monnier, V. M. "Nonenzymatic Glycosylation, the Maillard Reaction and
the Aging Process." Journal of Gerontology 1990:45(4 ):105_110.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
53. Dyer, D. G., et al. "Accumulation of Maillard Reaction Products in Skin
Collagen in Diabetes and Aging." Journal of Clinical Investigation.
1993:93(6):421_22.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the field
of nutrition!
54. Veromann, S.et al."Dietary Sugar and Salt Represent Real Risk Factors
for Cataract Development." Ophthalmologica. 2003 Jul-Aug;217(4):302-307.
*** would have to look at study here - is OK date but they may be studying
diabetics
55. Monnier, V. M. "Nonenzymatic Glycosylation, the Maillard Reaction and
the Aging Process." Journal of Gerontology. 1990:45(4):105_110.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
56. Pamplona, R., et al. "Mechanisms of Glycation in Atherogenesis." Medical
Hypotheses . 1990: 174_181.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
57. Lewis, G. F. and Steiner, G. "Acute Effects of Insulin in the Control of
Vldl Production in Humans. Implications for Theinsulin-resistant State."
Diabetes Care. 1996 Apr;19(4):390-3 R.
Pamplona, M. .J., et al. "Mechanisms of Glycation in Atherogenesis." Medical
Hypotheses. 1990;40:174-181.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
58. Ceriello, A. "Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Regulation." Metabolism. Feb
2000;49(2 Suppl 1):27-29.
*** unclear what this was studying...
59. Appleton, Nancy. New York; Lick the Sugar Habit. Avery Penguin Putnam,
1988.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! Also she cannot quote herself as a valid source!
60. Hellenbrand, W. "Diet and Parkinson's Disease. A Possible Role for the
Past Intake of Specific Nutrients. Results from a Self-administered
Food-frequency Questionnaire in a Case-control Study." Neurology. Sep
1996;47(3):644-650.
*** survey study which is unreliable - most people cannot reliably log
what they eat. Also studies all nutrients and not just sugar.
61. Cerami, A., Vlassara, H., and Brownlee, M. "Glucose and Aging."
Scientific American. May 1987: 90.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! Also not a peer reviewed journal. Scientific American is
a journal which presents hypothesis, many of which are unproven (interesting
but unproven)
62. Goulart, F. S. "Are You Sugar Smart?" American Fitness. March_April
1991: 34_38.
63. Ibid.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! And not peer reviewed.
64. Yudkin, J., Kang, S. and Bruckdorfer, K. "Effects of High Dietary
Sugar." British Journal of Medicine. Nov 22, 1980;1396.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
65. Goulart, F. S. "Are You Sugar Smart?" American Fitness. March_April
1991: 34_38. Milwakuee, WI,: damage pancreas
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed
66. Ibid. fluid retention
67. Ibid. bowel movement
68. Ibid. nearsightedness
69. Ibid. compromise the lining of the capillaries
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed
70. Nash, J. "Health Contenders." Essence. Jan 1992; 23: 79_81.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed - Essence is a popular magazine
71. Grand, E. "Food Allergies and Migraine."Lancet. 1979:1:955_959.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! Also discusses people ALLERGIC to sugar getting
headaches from it - no brainer
72. Michaud, D. "Dietary Sugar, Glycemic Load, and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in
a Prospective Study." J Natl Cancer Inst. Sep 4, 2002 ;94(17):1293-300.
*** ok but may be just studying diabetics
73. Schauss, A. Diet, Crime and Delinquency. (Berkley Ca; Parker House,
1981.)
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed
74. Christensen, L. "The Role of Caffeine and Sugar in Depression."
Nutrition Report. Mar 1991;9(3):17-24.
75. Ibid.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed
76. Cornee, J., et al. "A Case-control Study of Gastric Cancer and
Nutritional Factors in Marseille, France," European Journal of Epidemiology.
1995;11:55-65.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
77. Yudkin, J. Sweet and Dangerous.(New York:Bantam Books,1974) 129.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed
78. Ibid, 44
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed
79. Reiser, S., et al. "Effects of Sugars on Indices on Glucose Tolerance in
Humans." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986:43;151-159.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed
80. Reiser,S., et al. "Effects of Sugars on Indices on Glucose Tolerance in
Humans." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986;43:151-159.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed
81. Molteni, R, et al. "A High-fat, Refined Sugar Diet Reduces Hippocampal
Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neuronal Plasticity, and Learning."
NeuroScience. 2002;112(4):803-814.
**** interesting - studies HIGH FAT combined with HIGH sugar so as
unfriendly to low carbers as to high carbers! :)
82. Monnier, V., "Nonenzymatic Glycosylation, the Maillard Reaction and the
Aging Process." Journal of Gerontology. 1990;45:105-111.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed
83. Frey, J. "Is There Sugar in the Alzheimer's Disease?" Annales De
Biologie Clinique. 2001; 59 (3):253-257.
*** ok but probably just a theory because no one knows what causes
Alzheimers
84. Yudkin, J. "Metabolic Changes Induced by Sugar in Relation to Coronary
Heart Disease and Diabetes." Nutrition and Health. 1987;5(1-2):5-8.
85. Ibid.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
86. Blacklock, N. J., "Sucrose and Idiopathic Renal Stone." Nutrition and
Health. 1987;5(1-2):9-
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! not peer reviewed
Curhan, G., et al. "Beverage Use and Risk for Kidney Stones in Women."
Annals of Internal Medicine. 1998:28:534-340.
*** beverage use? Sounds more like they may be studying sugar pop
here and not sugar alone
87. Journal of Advanced Medicine. 1994;7(1):51-58.
88. Ibid
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition and she doesn't specify the article here.
89. Ceriello, A. "Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Regulation." Metabolism. Feb
2000;49(2 Suppl 1):27-29.
**** this reference is used several times but unclear what study proved
90. Postgraduate Medicine.Sept 1969:45:602-07.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
91. Moerman, C. J., et al. "Dietary Sugar Intake in the Etiology of Biliary
Tract Cancer." International Journal of Epidemiology . Ap
1993;.2(2):207-214.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
92. Quillin, Patrick, "Cancer's Sweet Tooth," Nutrition Science News. Ap
2000.
**** ok
Rothkopf, M.. Nutrition. July/Aug 1990;6(4).
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
93. Lenders, C. M. "Gestational Age and Infant Size at Birth Are Associated
with Dietary Intake among Pregnant Adolescents." Journal of Nutrition. Jun
1997;1113- 1117.
94. Ibid.
**** likely discusses poor food choices in general and not just sugar by
itself
95. Bostick, R. M., et al. "Sugar, Meat.and Fat Intake and Non-dietary Risk
Factors for Colon Cancer Incidence in Iowa Women." Cancer Causes & Control.
1994:5 :38-53.
96. Ibid.
*** this study looks at high fat intake COMBINED with high sugar
intake... is OUTDATED and also looks at NON DIETARY risks for co-rectal
cancer
Kruis, W., et al. "Effects of Diets Low and High in Refined Sugars on Gut
Transit, Bile Acid Metabolism and Bacterial Fermentation." Gut.
1991;32:367-370.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
Ludwig, D. S., et al. "High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating, And Obesity."
Pediatrics. Mar 1999;103(3):26-32.
**** this one is likely valid
97. Yudkin, J and Eisa, O. "Dietary Sucrose and Oestradiol Concentration in
Young Men". Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 1988:32(2):53-55.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
98. Lee, A. T. and Cerami A. "The Role of Glycation in Aging." Annals of the
New York Academy of Science. 1992; 663:63-70.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
99. Moerman, C., et al."Dietary Sugar Intake in the Etiology of Biliary
Tract Cancer." International Journal of Epidemiology. Ap 1993;
22(2):207-214.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
100. "Sugar, White Flour Withdrawal Produces Chemical Response." The
Addiction Letter. Jul 1992:4.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
Colantuoni, C., et al. "Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake
Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence." Obes Res. Jun 2002 ;10(6):478-488.
**** valid but theoretical
Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society, Toronto, June 17,
2001.
Www.mercola,com/2001/june/30/sugar.htm
**** Dr Mercola is generally not considered a good scientific source
101. Ibid.
*** see above
102. The Edell Health Letter. Sept 1991;7:1.
**** see above - same with Dr Edell
103. Sunehag, A. L., et al. "Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight
Infants Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition" Diabetes. 1999 ;48 7991_800.
**** specific to diabetics and also talking about TPM and not sugar
intake in the general population
104. Christensen L., et al. "Impact of A Dietary Change on Emotional
Distress." Journal of Abnormal Psychology .1985;94(4):565_79.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
105. Nutrition Health Review. Fall 85. changes sugar into fat faster than
fat
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
106. Ludwig, D. S., et al. "High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating and
Obesity." Pediatrics. March 1999;103(3):26-32.
**** already quoted and valid
107. Pediatrics Research. 1995;38(4):539-542.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
Berdonces, J. L. "Attention Deficit and Infantile Hyperactivity." Rev Enferm.
Jan 2001;4(1)11-4
**** little is known about ADHD - sugar making it worse is a theory and
probably not true
108. Blacklock, N. J. "Sucrose and Idiopathic Renal Stone." Nutrition
Health. 1987;5(1 & 2):9-17.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
109. Lechin, F., et al. "Effects of an Oral Glucose Load on Plasma
Neurotransmitters in Humans." Neurophychobiology. 1992;26(1-2):4-11.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
110. Fields, M. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. Aug
1998;17(4):317_321.
**** doesn't mention article here incomplete cite
111. Arieff, A. I. Veterans Administration Medical Center in San Francisco.
San Jose Mercury; June 12/86. IVs of sugar water can cut off oxygen to the
brain.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
112. De Stefani, E."Dietary Sugar and Lung Cancer: a Case_control Study in
Uruguay." Nutrition and Cancer. 1998;31(2):132_7.
**** may talk of other factors - this is theory - study is outdated
anyway
113. Sandler, Benjamin P. Diet Prevents Polio. Milwakuee, WI,:The Lee
Foundation for for Nutritional Research, 1951.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition! Study is from 1951... VERY outdated... how can she
even quote something like this?
114. Murphy, Patricia. "The Role of Sugar in Epileptic Seizures." Townsend
Letter for Doctors and Patients. May, 2001. Murphy Is Editor of Epilepsy
Wellness Newsletter, 1462 West 5th Ave., Eugene, Oregon 97402
*** not a peer reviewed journal
115. Stern, N. & Tuck, M. "Pathogenesis of Hypertension in Diabetes
Mellitus." Diabetes Mellitus, a Fundamental and Clinical Test. 2nd Edition,
(PhiladelphiA; A:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000)943-957.
*** specific to diabetics
116. Christansen, D. "Critical Care: Sugar Limit Saves Lives." Science News.
June 30, 2001; 159:404.
*** not peer reviewed
117. Donnini, D. et al. "Glucose May Induce Cell Death through a Free
Radical-mediated Mechanism."Biochem Biohhys Res Commun. Feb 15,
1996:219(2):412-417.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
118. Ceriello, A. "Oxicative Stress and Glycemic Regulation." Metabolism.
Feb 2000;49(Suppl I):27-29.
*** may not prove her point
119. Schoenthaler, S. The Los Angeles Probation Department Diet-Behavior
Program: Am Empirical Analysis of Six Institutional Settings. Int J
Biosocial Res 5(2):88-89.
*** what's the date here?
120. Cornee, J., et al. "A Case-control Study of Gastric Cancer and
Nutritional Factors in Marseille, France." European Journal of Epidemiology
11 (1995):55-65.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
121. "Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Receiving Total
Parenteral Nutrition. Diabetes. 1999 Apr;48(4):791-800.
**** studies TPM and not sugar intake in the general population
122. Glinsmann, W., et al. "Evaluation of Health Aspects of Sugar Contained
in Carbohydrate
Sweeteners." FDA Report of Sugars Task Force (1986) 39.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
123. Yudkin, J. and Eisa, O. "Dietary Sucrose and Oestradiol
Concentration in Young Men. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism.
1988;32(2):53-5.
*** OUTDATED study - anything older than 5-7 years is outdated in the
field of nutrition!
124. Lenders, C. M. "Gestational Age and Infant Size at Birth Are Associated
with Dietary Intake Among Pregnant Adolescents." Journal of Nutrition
128.1998:1807-1810
*** probably more associated with poor dietary intake rather than
specifically sugar
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